A hernia happens when tissue or part of an organ pushes through a weak area in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Some hernias cause a visible lump; others cause discomfort or are discovered during an examination. Treatment depends on the location, symptoms and individual health.
A swelling in the groin or abdomen may become more noticeable when coughing or standing.
Watchful waiting may be appropriate for some people after examination.
Severe pain, vomiting or a stuck painful bulge needs urgent care.
What is a hernia, and what types are common?
Common types include inguinal hernia (groin), umbilical hernia (near the belly button) and incisional hernia (at a previous surgical scar). Other types exist. Symptoms and recommended management differ by type.
What are the signs and symptoms of a hernia?
A soft bulge in the groin or abdominal wall, discomfort when lifting, pressure or a dragging sensation are possible symptoms. Some hernias cause little or no pain. A new lump should be examined because not every swelling is a hernia.
Visible swelling
A bulge that may be more apparent on standing, straining or coughing.
Discomfort with activity
Pressure or aching during heavy lifting or prolonged standing.
Changes over time
A lump may grow, remain stable or become harder to push back.
When is a hernia an emergency?
Go to an emergency department for a suddenly painful or tender bulge, a bulge that cannot be pushed back, repeated vomiting, severe abdominal pain, abdominal distension, or inability to pass stool or gas. These may indicate an incarcerated or strangulated hernia or bowel obstruction. Do not wait for a routine appointment.
How is a hernia diagnosed?
A clinician usually starts with history and a physical examination, sometimes while you stand or cough. Ultrasound, CT or MRI may help when the examination is uncertain, symptoms are complex or planning requires more detail. Not everyone needs imaging.
Does every hernia require an operation?
No. A surgeon may discuss watchful waiting for certain minimally symptomatic hernias, depending on age, sex, type, risks and personal circumstances. Painful, enlarging or complicated hernias often need repair. Hernias generally do not close on their own in adults.
Clinical observation
Selected cases may be monitored after discussing the risk of progression and emergency symptoms.
Open repair
An incision is used to return tissue to its position and reinforce the defect, sometimes with surgical mesh.
Laparoscopic repair
Small incisions and a camera may be used for suitable hernias; suitability depends on the case and surgeon assessment.
How long does hernia surgery recovery take?
Many patients return to gentle walking early. Return to work, driving, lifting and exercise varies with the repair method, occupation, pain control and the clinical team’s instructions. Risks include bleeding, infection, recurrence, chronic pain and mesh-related complications, where relevant. Discuss the expected recovery plan with your surgeon.
What to bring to a hernia consultation
Bring previous scan results, records of prior abdominal surgery, a list of medicines and details of when the lump or pain appears. Mention any history of chronic cough, constipation or difficulty passing urine because increased abdominal pressure can be relevant.
Frequently asked questions about hernia surgery
Can exercise cure a hernia?
Exercise cannot close an established adult abdominal wall defect. Appropriate activity may support general health, but avoid activities that worsen symptoms until assessed.
Is laparoscopic surgery always better than open repair?
No single approach is best for everyone. Hernia type, previous operations, medical conditions, surgeon expertise and patient preferences influence the decision.
Can a hernia come back after repair?
Recurrence is possible after any repair. Individual risk depends on multiple factors and the type of repair.
Can I postpone surgery?
Some patients can consider watchful waiting with a clinician’s guidance and a clear plan for urgent symptoms. Others may benefit from earlier repair.
Related surgical service
Read about assessment and treatment planning for hernia surgery.
Sources and medical disclaimer
Patient information: NHS: Inguinal hernia repair; MedlinePlus: Hernia.
General education only; not a diagnosis. Ask the treating surgeon to review before publication.